What was the effect of the policy of Massive Resistance?

The policy of Massive Resistance, initiated in response to the desegregation of public schools following the Brown v. Board of Education decision, led to widespread opposition in the South against integration efforts. It resulted in the closure of some public schools, the establishment of private "whites-only" institutions, and increased racial tensions and violence. Moreover, it hindered progress toward civil rights, as state and local governments employed legal and extralegal measures to maintain segregation. Ultimately, while it galvanized the Civil Rights Movement, it also delayed meaningful change for many African Americans.