What are the three general approaches to explicit congestion signaling?

The three general approaches to explicit congestion signaling are:

1. Network-assisted signaling: This involves the network actively informing end-hosts about congestion through dedicated signaling messages, allowing them to adjust their sending rates accordingly.

2. Feedback-based signaling: This method relies on feedback from the end-hosts, where the network observes traffic patterns and informs senders of congestion through packet loss or delay metrics, prompting them to reduce their transmission rates.

3. In-band signaling: This approach integrates congestion information directly into the data packets themselves, allowing senders to receive congestion notifications as part of the normal data flow, enabling more immediate adjustments to their sending behavior.