How does insolation change with increasing latitude?

Angle of Sunlight – Near the equator, the sun’s rays hit directly, delivering more energy per unit area. As latitude increases, sunlight spreads over a larger surface, reducing intensity.

Atmospheric Path – At higher latitudes, sunlight passes through more of the Earth's atmosphere, leading to greater scattering and absorption of energy.

Seasonal Variation – Higher latitudes experience more variation in day length and sun angle, leading to extreme differences in insolation between summer and winter.

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