Why were Jews not considered to be volk?

Jews were often not considered part of the "Volk" in various European contexts due to deep-rooted anti-Semitic beliefs and the perception that they were outsiders. The concept of "Volk" emphasized a shared ethnic, cultural, and national identity, which often excluded Jews because of their distinct religious and cultural practices. Additionally, political and social movements, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, reinforced stereotypes and discrimination, further marginalizing Jews from the dominant national identities. This exclusion contributed to their persecution and the portrayal of Jews as a separate and often undesirable group within society.