Who boosted Black nationalism first urgin blacks to use armed self-defense and later changing to peaceful means?

Marcus Garvey was a prominent figure in the early 20th century who initially advocated for armed self-defense among African Americans as part of his Black nationalism movement. He later shifted his focus towards more peaceful means of achieving racial pride and economic independence, promoting the idea of a return to Africa and the establishment of a strong, self-sufficient Black community. His influence laid the groundwork for future civil rights movements, blending militant and peaceful approaches to racial equality.