silver nitrate (AgNO3) is an ionic compound and so does calcium chloride (CaCl2). Two ionic compounds react to produce two salts. This is called changing ions because Ag receives Cl now instead of NO3 and Ca receives NO3. Therefore, AgNO3 + CaCl2 = AgCl + Ca(NO3)2. A rule is present that Nitrate is soluble (it dissolves in H2O). Meanwhile, both, Cl and Ag are insoluble, therefore a solid we call as precipitate will settle to the bottom. this precipitate is AgCl (solid). All in all this reaction is called the precipitation reaction.
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