What countries were independent in 1450?

In 1450, several countries and regions were recognized as independent entities, although the concept of sovereignty varied significantly from today. Notable independent states included England, France, and the Kingdom of Portugal in Western Europe. In the east, the Ottoman Empire was expanding, while regions like the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania existed as independent powers. Additionally, the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon in Spain were also notable independent kingdoms during this period.