During medieval Japan, particularly during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, foreigners were often treated with a mix of curiOSity and suspicion. While select foreign traders and diplomats, such as those from China and Korea, were generally welcomed for their goods and knowledge, they faced strict regulations and limited interaction with the local population. In contrast, European traders and missionaries in the late medieval period encountered both interest and hostility, as their presence challenged traditional Japanese norms. Overall, treatment varied based on the foreigner’s origin, purpose, and the prevailing political climate.
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