How does giardia obtain energy?

Giardia obtains energy primarily through the fermentation of carbohydrates. It lacks mitochondria and relies on anaerobic metabolism, breaking down sugars such as glucose and galactose to produce ATP. This process allows Giardia to thrive in low-oxygen environments, such as the intestines of its hosts. Additionally, it can utilize amino acids and other organic compounds for energy when carbohydrates are scarce.