Which city had the most population in the 1600s?

In the 1600s, Beijing was one of the most populous cities in the world, with estimates suggesting it had a population of over one million residents. Other major cities during this period included Paris and Istanbul, both also experiencing significant populations. However, precise population figures are difficult to ascertain due to varying methods of record-keeping at the time. Overall, Beijing is often recognized as the largest city of that era.