How many civilians were killed in US invasion of Panama?

Estimates of civilian casualties during the U.S. invasion of Panama in December 1989 vary widely, with figures ranging from a few hundred to over 3,000. The U.S. military's official report acknowledged around 200 civilian deaths, while independent studies and human rights organizations suggested higher numbers. The invasion aimed to oust Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, but the conflict resulted in significant destruction and loss of life in Panama City. The exact number remains a subject of debate and concern regarding the impact on civilians.