How did the french English and dutch break did Spain monopoly?

How the Dutch broke the Spanish monopoly

The Dutch were fighting the Spanish for independence and the Portuguese for trade and empire. They triumphed over the Portuguese in nearly every part of the globe. Then, to boost their trade with the Spanish empire, they attacked Portuguese slave trading stations in West Africa and finally captured Elmina, the greatest slaving station in 1637. With this supply of slaves from Africa, the Dutch were well equip to penetrate the Spanish empire.

From Araya, the Dutch trade expanded along the coast of the Guianas and Venezuelas and then to Hispaniola and other Spanish islands, trading slaves for tobacco and hies and skins.

In 1624, the Dutch captured Bahia and Pernambuco and until 1654, actually controlled the North-Eastern part of Brazil. It was here that the Dutch gained their expertise in sugar planting and manufacturing.

In 1595. they formed their own East India Company which broke Spanish power in the Caribbean.