What was the spread of Islam during the Middle Ages a result of?

The spread of Islam during the Middle Ages was primarily a result of military conquests, trade, and cultural exchanges. Following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century, Islamic caliphates expanded rapidly through military campaigns across the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and into parts of Europe and Asia. Additionally, trade routes facilitated the dissemination of Islamic beliefs and practices, as merchants and travelers shared their faith with diverse populations. Furthermore, the appeal of Islamic teachings, along with the relative tolerance and administrative efficiency of Islamic rule, encouraged conversion and integration of various cultures into the Islamic world.