What are the different parts and instruments in a cockpit?

Different airplanes have different layouts, but for the most part they are all the same.

If you look at a picture of a cockpit, focus on the left side. That's where the captain sits. Everything on the left is usually a duplicate for the copilot.

For the most part there are 6 instruments that pilots use to fly the airplane. These are called the "six pack."

http://pebblecreekpartners.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/800px-six_flight_instruments1-300x184.jpg

From the left to right, starting with the top:

Airspeed indicator-displays the amount of air traveling over the wing in nautical miles per hour (knots)

Attitude indicator- Shows an artificial horizon so the pilot can stay oriented with the ground in bad weather

Altimeter- Shows the height above sea level of the airplane

BOTTOM ROW

Turn Coordinator- Tells the pilot how much rudder to use when turning

Heading Indicator- a Gyroscopic compass

Vertical speed indicator- Shows vertical movement at a rate of feet per minute



Other than that, there are things like a landing gear handle to raise the landing gear, fuses, light switches, electrical switches, fuel management switches, and navigation and communication radiOS.