Who was considered to have a negative impact on southern states?

Many historians argue that Reconstruction-era policies and federal interventions after the Civil War had a negative impact on southern states, as they faced economic hardship and social upheaval. Figures like Radical Republicans, who implemented these policies, are often criticized for exacerbating tensions and resentment among white Southerners. Additionally, the imposition of military rule and the eventual rise of Jim Crow laws contributed to long-lasting divisions and challenges in the region.