What are some keystone plants for the temperate deciduous forest?

Keystone plants in temperate deciduous forests include oak (Quercus spp.), maple (Acer spp.), and beech (Fagus spp.) trees. These species provide essential habitats and food sources for a variety of wildlife, including birds, mammals, and insects. Their leaves and acorns support numerous organisms, while their structural complexity contributes to ecosystem stability and diversity. Additionally, understory plants like ferns and wildflowers play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and soil health.