How did the southern states keep african americans from voting in the late 1800s amd early 1900s and how did they make sure that all white men could vote?

Southern states employed various discriminatory practices to suppress African American voting in the late 1800s and early 1900s, including literacy tests, poll taxes, and understanding clauses, which were often applied subjectively. Additionally, intimidation and violence, exemplified by groups like the Ku Klux Klan, further deterred Black voters. In contrast, white men were often exempt from these barriers through loopholes like the "grandfather clause," which allowed them to vote if their ancestors had voted before the Civil War. These measures effectively disenfranchised African Americans while ensuring that white men maintained their voting rights.