Can a state be bound if it is not party to that treaty?

A state can be bound by a treaty even if it is not a party to it under certain circumstances, such as when it has expressed consent to be bound through acceptance, adoption, or a subsequent agreement. Additionally, customary international law may impose obligations on all states, regardless of their treaty status. Furthermore, if a treaty contains provisions that are considered to reflect binding norms of international law, non-parties may still be held accountable to those norms. However, generally, states are only legally bound by treaties to which they have explicitly consented.