What are the different modes proposed by Spinoza and how do they contribute to his overall philosophical framework?

Spinoza proposed three modes: substance, attributes, and modes. Substance is the fundamental essence of reality, attributes are the ways in which substance is expressed, and modes are the specific manifestations of attributes. These modes help Spinoza explain the interconnectedness of all things and how they are all expressions of the same underlying substance, contributing to his overall philosophical framework of monism and determinism.