How do you put out a fire without an extinguisher?

Fire survives only as long as the chain reaction continues to heat fuel to its ignition point in an oxygen atmosphere.

To stop the fire:

• Remove the heat
• remove the fuel
• remove the oxygen
• disrupt the chemical reaction

All fire extinguishers do one or more of these. You can do the same using ordinary tools or materials.

If the fire is on a cooking stove, remove the heat. The fire may run out of fuel and stop. Or, you can carefully dump a box of baking soda on it, which smothers the fire. Or, you can place a heavy blanket over the fire to smother it in its own smoke.

In the woods, firefighters often use a "fuel separation" to stop wildfires. You can do the same with a campfire: scrape the surrounding area down to bare soil for twice the distance sparks may be thrown from the fire.

Obviously, any amount of water is going to affect a fire by removing the heat and by wetting the fuel, making it harder to ignite (more heat needed). A simple bucket of water or sand was all the "fire extinguisher" anyone had for thousands of years.