How did Muslim artist create without showing humans and animals?

Muslim artists often adhered to aniconism, the avoidance of depicting human and animal forms, particularly in religious contexts, to focus on the divine and spiritual. They expressed creativity through intricate geometric patterns, calligraphy, and arabesques that symbolize harmony and the infinite nature of Allah. These styles allowed for rich artistic expression while maintaining adherence to Islamic principles, emphasizing beauty and complexity without direct representations of living beings. This approach fostered a unique artistic tradition that elevated abstract forms and ornamental designs.