A Labrador retriever breeder needs to determine if three male pups who were born to Sadie his black Labrador retriever are the offspring of Sam a yellow Labrador retriever from another breeder. Which?

To determine if the three male pups are the offspring of Sam, the breeder can conduct a DNA paternity test comparing the DNA profiles of the pups, Sadie, and Sam. Since Labrador retrievers have distinct genetic markers, the test will confirm whether Sam is the biological father. Additionally, the breeder should consider the coloration of the pups, as they can be black, yellow, or chocolate, depending on the genetics of both parents. However, DNA testing is the most reliable method for confirming parentage.