What did the Chinese think of the Europeans?

The Chinese had a complex view of Europeans, often seeing them as culturally inferior and arrogant. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, China was largely self-sufficient and viewed itself as the center of civilization, leading to a sense of superiority over foreign powers. However, interactions, particularly through trade and missionary activities, also led to curiOSity about European technology and ideas. By the 19th century, as European powers began to exert more influence in China, perceptions shifted to one of resentment and resistance against Imperialism.