What is a disorder of thinking with a known physical cause?

A disorder of thinking with a known physical cause is known as a "cognitive disorder" or "organic mental disorder." These disorders can arise from identifiable physical conditions, such as traumatic brain injuries, infections, tumors, or neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. They often manifest as difficulties with memory, attention, problem-solving, or perception, and treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying physical issue. Examples include delirium and dementia, which directly result from physiological changes in the brain.