How do spines protect ocean stickleback fish?

Spines serve as a crucial defense mechanism for ocean stickleback fish by deterring predators. These sharp, bony projections make the fish more difficult to consume and can inflict injury on potential attackers. Additionally, the presence of spines can signal to predators that the fish is not an easy target, thereby reducing the likelihood of predation. Overall, spines enhance the stickleback's survival in their aquatic environment.