What historical period did physicians begin to have formal training followed by licensure?

Physicians began to have formal training and licensure during the Middle Ages, particularly with the establishment of universities in the 12th century. The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is often credited as one of the first institutions to offer structured medical education. By the late 13th century, medical degrees were being awarded, and regulatory bodies started to emerge, leading towards the formal licensure of physicians. This evolution laid the groundwork for modern medical education and professional standards.