What is a standard element of late Byzantine iconography representing Christ as the majestic Ruler of All?

A standard element of late Byzantine iconography representing Christ as the majestic Ruler of All is the image of Christ Pantocrator. This portrayal typically depicts Christ holding a book of scriptures in one hand, symbolizing his authority and divine wisdom, while the other hand is raised in a gesture of blessing. His facial expression is often severe yet powerful, conveying both majesty and compassion, and he is usually surrounded by a rich halo, emphasizing his divine nature. This iconography reflects the theological emphasis on Christ's sovereignty and omnipotence during the late Byzantine period.