During the Civil War, Virginia was a key battleground and the site of numerous significant battles, including the First and Second Battles of Bull Run and the Battle of Gettysburg. The state was divided, with the eastern region largely supporting the Confederacy and the western region, which would later become West Virginia, favoring the Union. Virginia's capital, Richmond, served as the Confederate capital and faced several Union assaults. Ultimately, the war devastated the state's infrastructure and economy, leading to significant loss of life and lasting impacts on its social fabric.
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