The development of farming in Sumer, one of the earliest known civilizations, was marked by the transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled agricultural practices around 10,000 years ago. The region's fertile land, aided by the annual flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, enabled the cultivation of staple crops like barley and wheat. This agricultural surplus led to population growth, the rise of cities, and the development of complex social structures. Additionally, innovations such as irrigation techniques and the plow significantly advanced farming efficiency in Sumer.
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