What does stochastic mean in radiology?

In radiology, "stochastic" refers to the random nature of radiation effects on biological systems, particularly in relation to cancer risk. Stochastic effects do not have a threshold dose; even the smallest exposure to radiation carries some probability of causing adverse effects, such as mutations or cancer. This contrasts with deterministic effects, which have a threshold and increase in severity with higher doses. Understanding stochastic effects is crucial for evaluating the risks associated with diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy.