In the middle of the 19th century, the primary socioeconomic classes in the South included wealthy plantation owners, yeoman farmers, poor whites, and enslaved people. However, a distinct middle class, as understood in modern terms, was not well-established in the South at that time. The region's economy was largely dominated by agriculture and slavery, which limited the emergence of a robust middle class. Additionally, there were few urban centers that could foster a diverse range of professions typical of a middle class.
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