What movement did Theodor Herzl begin and what was its purpose?

Theodor Herzl initiated the Zionist movement in the late 19th century, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This movement emerged in response to rising anti-Semitism in Europe and aimed to address the Jewish people's quest for self-determination and safety. Herzl organized the First Zionist Congress in 1897, which laid the groundwork for political efforts to secure a Jewish state. Ultimately, the movement sought to create a national identity for Jews and promote their return to their ancestral homeland.