What are the two major development roots of graphic design?

The two major developmental roots of graphic design are the advent of typography and the rise of visual arts. Typography emerged with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, enabling the mass production of text and influencing layout and design principles. Concurrently, the visual arts evolved through movements like the Renaissance and modernism, shaping aesthetics and composition in graphic design. Together, these roots laid the foundation for contemporary graphic design practices.