During the 19th century the African continent was affected mostly by?

During the 19th century, the African continent was primarily affected by European colonialism, which intensified significantly during the "Scramble for Africa." European powers sought to exploit Africa's resources and establish control over vast territories, leading to the imposition of foreign rule and the disruption of local economies and societies. This period also saw the proliferation of the transatlantic slave trade, which devastated communities and contributed to social and demographic upheaval. The consequences of colonialism during this time laid the groundwork for many of Africa's challenges in the 20th century and beyond.