How fast can speleothems grow?

Speleothems, such as stalactites and stalagmites, typically grow at a rate of 0.1 to 10 millimeters per year, depending on factors like the mineral content of the water, temperature, and humidity within the cave environment. In some optimal conditions, particularly with high calcium carbonate saturation, growth rates can exceed this average and reach up to several centimeters in a year. However, growth rates are highly variable and can be influenced by seasonal changes and water flow dynamics.