What are the four causes of species distribution?

The four primary causes of species distribution are environmental factors, historical factors, biological interactions, and dispersal mechanisms. Environmental factors include climate, soil type, and topography, which influence habitat suitability. Historical factors encompass geological changes and past climatic conditions that have shaped species ranges. Biological interactions involve competition, predation, and mutualism, while dispersal mechanisms refer to the movement of species and their ability to colonize new areas.