What factors made the creation of a federal judiciary controversial in the 1780s?

The creation of a federal judiciary in the 1780s was controversial due to concerns over the balance of power between state and federal authorities. Many feared that a strong national judiciary would undermine state courts and erode states' rights, leading to increased centralization of power. Additionally, there were debates about the independence of judges, lifetime appointments, and the potential for judicial overreach that could threaten individual liberties. These concerns reflected broader tensions between federalists and anti-federalists regarding the scope and nature of the new government.