Can you file a home owners insurance claim if your gas stove top blows up?

If it caused a fire that damaged your home or property then yes you can file a claim. This type of damage would be covered under the fire portion of your policy.

If you are saying that it just blew up and does not work anymore or it caused damages below your deducible. then that's just a maintenance issue. Appliances do have a life expectancy, It's just time for a new stove.