How might a volcano be hazardous for plants and animals that live nearby?

Volcanoes can pose significant hazards to nearby plants and animals through eruptions that release ash, lava, and toxic gases. Ash can smother vegetation and contaminate water sources, while lava flows can destroy habitats outright. Additionally, the release of gases like sulfur dioxide can harm air quality, affecting the health of both plants and animals. The resulting changes to the ecosystem, such as altered soil composition and landscape, can further threaten local wildlife and vegetation.