What internal and external struggles were present during Romes rise?

During Rome's rise, internal struggles included political instability, social class conflicts, and power struggles among elites, particularly during the late Republic as factions like the Optimates and Populares vied for control. Externally, Rome faced military challenges from rival states and tribes, such as the Carthaginians during the Punic Wars, and threats from various Germanic and Celtic tribes. These internal and external pressures led to significant military reforms and shifts in governance, ultimately shaping the trajectory of the Roman state. The ability to adapt and overcome these challenges was crucial to Rome's expansion and consolidation of power.