Which force is a steering column most subject to in normal use?

In normal use, a steering column is most subject to torsional forces. These forces arise from the driver applying torque to the steering wheel while maneuvering the vehicle, particularly during turns or when correcting the vehicle's path. Additionally, the column experiences axial loads from the driver's input and may encounter lateral forces due to road conditions or impacts. Proper design and materials are essential to ensure the steering column can withstand these forces safely.