After King James I, the rulers of England were King Charles I, who reigned from 1625 until his execution in 1649; Oliver Cromwell, who led as Lord Protector from 1653 to 1658 during the Interregnum; and King Charles II, who restored the monarchy in 1660 and ruled until 1685. These leaders navigated a tumultuous period in English history marked by civil war, republicanism, and restoration.
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