Why do you think production and operations manager often are not directly involved in strategy-formulation activities?

Production and operations managers often focus on the day-to-day efficiency and effectiveness of processes, which can lead to a narrower perspective on long-term strategic planning. Their expertise lies in optimizing workflows and managing resources, making them less engaged in broader market trends and competitive analysis that typically shape strategy. Additionally, strategic formulation often involves higher-level management and cross-departmental collaboration, where operations managers may not have the authority or visibility. This separation can result in a disconnect between operational capabilities and strategic objectives.