Do all cars have catalytic converters?

Most modern cars are equipped with catalytic converters, which are essential for reducing harmful emissions and meeting environmental regulations. However, some older vehicles, particularly those manufactured before the 1975 introduction of emissions standards in the U.S., may not have them. Additionally, certain types of vehicles, such as some off-road vehicles and classic cars, might be exempt from having catalytic converters. Overall, while the vast majority of cars today do include them, there are exceptions.