What are two ways that corporations can raise capital through stock and bond markets?

Corporations can raise capital through stock markets by issuing shares of common or preferred stock, allowing investors to buy ownership stakes in the company. In the bond market, they can issue corporate bonds, which are debt securities that investors purchase, lending money to the corporation in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of principal at maturity. Both methods provide companies with the necessary funds for expansion, operations, or other financial needs.