What extent are the powers and actions of a ruler limited?

The powers and actions of a ruler are often limited by legal frameworks, institutional checks and balances, and societal norms. In democratic systems, for instance, political leaders are constrained by constitutions, legislative bodies, and judicial oversight, ensuring accountability. In authoritarian regimes, limitations may be less formal but can still arise from internal party dynamics, civil resistance, or economic pressures. Ultimately, the extent of these limitations varies significantly based on the political context and the degree of civic engagement.