Which does NOT characterize secular music making in the Renaissance?

Secular music making in the Renaissance is characterized by its focus on non-religious themes, the use of vernacular languages, and the emergence of new forms like madrigals and chanson. It often featured greater emotional expression and individualism compared to sacred music. However, it does not typically involve the strict adherence to liturgical texts or the use of Gregorian chant, which are key features of sacred music.