How did events in the 19th century contribute to socialism popularity?

The 19th century saw significant social and economic changes due to the Industrial Revolution, which led to harsh working conditions, income inequality, and the rise of a new working class. These factors fueled discontent among workers, prompting calls for social reform and equitable distribution of wealth. Additionally, the publication of influential texts, such as Karl Marx's "The Communist Manifesto," galvanized support for socialist ideas, advocating for collective ownership and workers' rights. As industrialization continued to shape society, socialism gained traction as a response to the challenges posed by capitalism.