Do the words ten and percent rhyme?

Technically no--for one of two reasons: 1) to "rhyme," two Words must have the same "rhyme sound," preceded by a different "consonantal sound" and 2) the accent must be on the same syllable. (Note: the different preceding consonantal sound in the two Words are "t" in "ten" and "c" in "-cent.")

The rhyme sound in "ten" is "-en" and in "per-cent" is "-ent." "-en and "-ent" clearly are different rhyme sounds because of the "t" in "-ent."

In pronouncing "percent," the accented syllable is arguably the second syllable "-cent" and thus that part of the definition of a rhyme is met, but the rhyme still fails because of the first part of the definition of a rhyme.

See http://www.wikirhymer.com/Rhyme+Definition for further information.