The Harappan civilization, like those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, exhibited advanced urban planning, with well-organized cities featuring grid layouts, drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes. All three civilizations engaged in agricultural practices that supported large populations, relying on river systems—such as the Indus, Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile—for irrigation and trade. Additionally, they developed systems of writing and record-keeping, as well as complex social structures, including specialized labor and trade networks. Art and craftsmanship flourished in each civilization, reflecting both cultural exchange and unique regional styles.
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